The URL you're using needs some more information from a cookie to display the search results rather than the search page. Paste the URL into a different browser (or remove your cookies) and you'll get the same results.
Clicking a URL in Excel seems to open it in your default browser. But that's not really true. Before opening it in your browser, Excel first runs Microsoft Office Protocol Discovery. This uses a Windows/Internet Explorer component to determine if the URL works. (It does not identify itself as Internet Explorer, but as "User Agent: Microsoft Office Existence Discovery".) And if the results are (somehow) okay then it will open the result of that check in your default browser.
Lacking the cookies (more precisely: lacking a session), GoDaddy gives that Internet Explorer component some redirect. And the result of that is opened in your default browser. That's the URL you're seeing.
Most likely your default browser is not Internet Explorer? Then pasting the URL into IE directly and clicking it, to get the cookies, might then also make the link work from Excel. (Just for testing; it's not a permanent solution.)
You will have more luck using a URL that does not rely on some hidden information from a cookie, like http://www.godaddy.com/domains/search.aspx?domainToCheck=superuser.com
