There are some good answers here, and since they're scattered I made this post to include the whole process and procedure in addition to what is missing.
Process
Close OneDrive (step 1 below)
Rename OneDrive folder (step 2 below)
(optional) Move the OneDrive folder to the desired location (step 3 below)
Modify the relevant registry keys (steps 4-5 below)
Modify the configuration file (steps 6-8 below)
Procedure
Close OneDrive.
Rename the OneDrive folder.
(optional) Move the OneDrive folder to the desired location.
Ouvrez le registry (menu Démarrer >> search "regedit")
Modify the OneDrive folder or path in the following locations: (or follow @xoxox advice and search for "OneDrive - (company name)"
In HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU) (4 locations)
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\OneDrive\Accounts\Business1\UserFolder
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\OneDrive\Accounts\Business1\ScopeIdToMountPointPathCache(ID)
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\OneDrive\Accounts\Business1\Tenants(name)(path)
HKCU\Software\SyncEngines\Providers\OneDrive(ID)\MountPoint
In HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) (2 locations)
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Security Center\Provider\CBP(ID)\NAMESPACE
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\SyncRootManager\OneDrive!(ID)\UserSyncRoots(SID)
Ouvrez le following location: %UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\OneDrive\settings\Business1
Locate the (ID).ini file (usually it's the 2nd file) and edit it (clic droit >> edit)
Locate the OneDrive path in the first line (in the value of the libraryScope parameter) and modify it to be as the new path. Then save the file.
Open OneDrive.
Notes
In step 5 above, some parameters are quoted (e.g. (name), (ID), (path)) - that means that these parameters are interchangeable, and there should be some value that is probably unique to your case.
You may find that you do not have access to modify certain registry values, particularly, the Security Center NAMESPACE value. One potential workaround is to make yourself the owner of the parent key (ID). Assurez-vous to record the original owner and restore ownership after you have changed the value.
Reference
Changing your onedrive name in file explorer navigation
Comment puis-je change default name of OneDrive for Business folder?