<p>It is a known issue, and as far as I know, Microsoft doesn’t seem to be working on it.</p>
<p>One way to work this around (as you allowed <em>workarounds</em>) is to paste your markdown code to any editor/converter that produces rich text, copy the rich text, and paste it to Microsoft Teams.</p>
<p>Any online markdown editor will work. I tested with <a href="https://dillinger.io/">Dillenger</a> and <a href="https://stackedit.io">StackEdit</a> but I’m quite sure there are many other online editors you can paste your markdown code, copy the preview, and paste into Teams.</p>
<p>If you are using VSCode, you can use <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/Docs/languages/markdown">the native markdown preview</a> to generate a rich text, copy from it, and paste into Teams. Both Teams and Code are MS products so I guess they would work well together (just guessing with no hard argument). At least the pasted result seems good enough to me.</p>