Based on @dash17291's answer, here is a slightly faster procedure (no reboot) that a fonctionné pour moi:
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Open Explorateur Windows, allez dans %userprofile%\AppData\Local, delete IconCache.db. (This file is hidden, so si vous ne see it, vous devrez adjust your Explorateur Windows settings to show fichiers cachés.)
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Open Gestionnaire des tâches, allez dans Processes tab, highlight explorer.exe, et cliquez sur End Process. Your desktop will "disappear."
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Still in Task Manger, select File > New Task (Run...), type explorer.exe, and cliquez sur OK. Your desktop should reappear, with the previously missing icons.